前言(1 / 2)

燕鸣初啼 高适之 1694 字 2022-05-19

“东胡别种据幽燕,为北为南近百年。大单于始慕容廆,子皝孙儁并豪贤。”

——郭之奇

这时南明文渊阁大学士,兼兵部尚书,礼部尚书,郭之奇感怀五胡十六国国时期,五燕政权慕容家的诗文。

自古国破难以复兴,南明政权风雨飘摇之际,作为当世南明重臣,实际的宰相,感怀一个五胡十六国中的一个胡人:慕容廆,却是鲜见。

但细细详究其背景,我们会发现这个慕容廆和其背后的慕容燕国,的确不简单!

中古之前虽有“少康复国”,“光武中兴”。然一则:年代久远,史籍语焉不详,真伪难考,二则非主上失德,王莽所篡,疏枝皇族一奋起便能延续汉室。中国历史上屡屡建国,灭国,复国,又灭国,再复国,延续百载不灭者,唯慕容家的五燕政权。

从偏居一隅的辽东蕞尔小邦,到一举入住中原,前燕政权,历四世君王,享国八十五年,疆域极盛之时,“南至汝颖,东尽青齐,西抵崤黾,北守云中”,虽为割据政权,亦曾有一统中原之实力,曾经为当时中国大地上的第一大国。

“北乔峰,南慕容”世人知道“慕容”这个姓氏大抵是从金庸的武侠名著《天龙八部》的人物慕容复身上的事迹得来的。

与最后慕容复的复国大业黄粱一梦相比,前燕在灭亡十四年之后,有一个人破千难万险,历百转千回,率领自己的部族,一路向东,回归故土,拓地千里,扫平内乱,在花甲之即,再一次登基称帝,完全恢复父辈慕容家的疆域,中兴燕国,是为后燕。这个国家的开创之主就是慕容廆的孙子,慕容垂。

这部《燕鸣初啼》就是以慕容垂(少年名为慕容霸)为主线,从其十三岁第一次领兵作战,大破宇文;随父亲出征,攻灭高句丽;镇守徒河,敌国不敢来犯;南征北战,南下进攻羯人赵国,为前锋大将,所克无往而不胜。

人生的前半段虽屡屡为燕国立下汗马功劳,然终为其兄长慕容儁所忌。慕容儁登基称帝,获封吴王,仅为侍中;终慕容儁一生,遣慕容垂到代北,幽平之地平乱,屡屡调遣,不使其久掌兵权。先前慕容垂原本名为慕容霸,其名字中的‘霸’字,终被燕王所妒忌,借故令其改名为慕容垂。在燕王死前,借“巫蛊”之事,拷问其妻段先,段先为段部鲜卑段末波之女,性冷高洁,终不愿诬陷慕容垂,后死在狱中。燕王又逼令皇后之妹可足浑氏继慕容垂之正室,其猜忌之心,可见一斑。

在慕容儁驾崩之后,其子慕容暐登基。慕容垂的兄长慕容恪为托孤重臣,任太宰一职。其人一向赏识慕容垂,慕容垂在这个时期略地河南,攻陷洛阳,威名显赫,按功加封都督荆、扬、等十州诸军事,征南大将军,荆州牧。有兄长慕容恪的赏识,慕容垂确是如鱼得水。

可惜好景不长,在慕容恪死后,慕容暐延续了其父皇对慕容垂的猜忌,召入回都,仅为闲职,一生的抱负无处伸展。

在前燕末年,朝政混乱,同为辅政大臣的慕容评软弱无能,卖官鬻爵,聚拢财货。在桓温北伐之际不能不能退地,谏言燕主避居辽东,返回慕容家族的发祥之地,中原大好河山拱手相让。

当此之时,慕容垂不避讳群臣非议,领军迎击桓温,终为枋头大捷,稳定了前燕局势

可惜射向英雄的刀剑总不是来自于阵前,更多的来自身后,枋头大捷功高震主,慕容评等加紧迫害慕容垂,使得慕容垂不得不避祸于前秦。

原本前秦忌惮,慕容垂之威名,不敢发兵攻打前燕。前秦皇帝苻坚闻慕容垂来降,亲自迎接。以为冠军将军,封宾都侯。可谓一人而撬动一国。

但是前秦的丞相王猛发觉慕容垂非池中之物,谏言苻坚要除掉慕容垂。苻坚爱惜慕容垂其才,不忍心杀之。于是王猛祭出了中国历史上的第一阳谋,“金刀计”。此计一度引得慕容垂险些被杀,但是王猛还是低估了苻坚的爱才之心,慕容垂幸免于难,但是却使得慕容垂的爱子慕容麟,死在他国。这也为慕容氏的悲剧埋下了祸根。

在前秦期间,慕容垂收敛锋芒韬光养晦,即使在自己祖国被前秦灭亡之后已然不失为一个臣子的本分。

随着王猛的去世,苻坚的前秦浑中原于一,只余东南半壁晋室犹存,为实现一统天下的宏愿。苻坚不顾王猛死前的忠告,群臣的劝阻,发动淝水之战。

百万大军灰飞烟灭,只留下“草木皆兵”“风声鹤唳”“投鞭断流”的历史典故。

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